The Exploration of Metaphysical Slavery in The Slave - Literature Essay Samples

The novel The Slave by Isaac Bashevis Singer is an introspective work in that it urges the readers to look amongst their own lives and determine what makes them who they are. Throughout the course of the novel the protagonist, Jacob experiences a variety of physical, and most tellingly, spiritual pitfalls that lead him on a journey to uncover what makes him and those of his lineage the ones that will be redeemed. Jacob may never exactly pinpoint the cause of human suffering as he so firmly declares, we are all slaves Gods slaves ones life is preordained perhaps? Are humans subject to God in that they are slaves to both their shortcomings, thereby preventing self-progress, and additionally, humanities past imperfections? The author explores the concept of metaphysical slavery through the use of mood and by insinuating this as being a central theme. Throughout the novel, Jacob acts in accordance with his moral standards as one brought up by the Jewish community, a stringent and vehemently rule-driven society. The Jewish mindset evidently places their ways as superior to all those which they would consider pagans, We do not have such murderers among the Jews, No? What do the Jewish aristocrats do? The Jews have no gentry, who owns the land? The Jews have no land (23). By taking Jacob away from the land of his forefathers Singer effectively places him in a situation in which he is out of his element as well as without means of immediate escape, with this the reader is able to see with him a more robust understanding of the murderous pagans. Wanda is the means to this change in mindset, with his infatuation towards this ignorant and unclean infidel Jacobs provincial mindset is allowed to wander into the realm of uncertainty. This by no means ever leads him to outright go against his teachings or his faith, yet it does allow him to ponder the causes of suffering through a wider lens, Lamented the injustice visited on all living things: Jews, Gentiles, even the flies and gnats crawling on the hips of the cattle (63). Other than liberating the scope of his views, Jacob through his physical liberation is better able to identify the causes of his spiritual bondage. Jacob cannot help but see the injustices in the lands he visits including amongst his own kind, yet it is clear that regardless of the strong examples that Singer conveys, through his text, they do not serve to drive away Jacob from his journey to Gods domain into dark and forbidden paths, at least Jacob does not feel this way. This is the essential point, since Jacob regardless of the cardinal and constant sins he has committed, is unashamed to stand in the presence of his maker at novels end, it proves that at least subconsciously he has liberated himself from the chains of implied inadequacy. No, he does not consider himself redeemed nor forgiven, he remains firm in his beliefs as one with his foundations would, yet what liberates him from despair is essentially his assertion that he is inadvertently bound, Everything remained the same the ancient love, the ancient grief or who knew, perhaps it was always the same Jacob and the same Rachel(279). Singer here wants the reader to ponder whether this concept of preordination, of a never-ending cycle, to be the means to redemption, going back to Jacobs assertion that we are all His slaves, does this liberate us from fault? Does this belief take free will and agency out of the equation? For Jacob, this is the redemption that his unclean and doubtful self-had b een searching for. The Jews for their part also follow a cycle of bondage yet in a manner that doesnt bode well for them. The community as a whole is characterized by the numerous amounts of laws which according to their holy texts they must live by in order to remain pure and be able to stand shamelessly in the day of judgment. Jacob however, with his numerous years of exile states that there is much that he did not realize about these his race. The exact words he uses are that he was not conscious before of much of what he now realizes, it would seem that his journey really was liberating. The Torah appears to be the supreme law with a variety of lesser scripture such as the Mishnah and the Gemara, it is here that Jacob takes issue with the openness of these many laws, in the later commandments the laws were as numerous as the sands of the desert a wry thought occurred to him: if this continued, nothing would be kosher, what would the Jews live on then? Hot coals?(117). Through great pondering t he Jewish scholars scholars and even the commoners have placed the Jewish community in a position in which their freedoms become less and less numerous, in this way the Jews seemingly become slaves to their numerous laws, laws which did not prevent the sacking of their towns by the Cossacks. This idea is subjective, however; some may find solace and freedom in the intense guidance that these statutes bring, and the greater issue is also contingent on this concept of subjectivity. By choosing to only obey parts of the law, the superficial kind,they ignore the greatest commandment, loving God, yet how can they love God when all He desires is for man to love his neighbor? The numerous sufferings that the Jews face do not seem to deter them in their circular path of iniquity according to Jacobs views based on the numerous people he has encountered, The Jews had learned nothing from their ordeal; rather suffering had pushed them lower(119). If Jacobs interpretation of the Jews action is in any way accurate it shows that while adversity may bring humility to some it is but a moments feeling and back they go to their hateful ways, in this way the Jews depicted by Singer are slaves to their own avarice and shortcomings. Clearly, Singer attempts to drive the point of metaphorica l slavery as he uses numerous examples both narrow and broad to point the reader toward his criticism of certain Jewish practices and the numerous ways that the ideology makes one a slave to God and to oneself. Singer, through Jacobs words and reasonings as well as his treatment on his pilgrimage, conveys to the reader conflicting feelings; what is usually constant however is the hypocrisy and overall feeling of cynicism their actions give the reader. This is not to give a sense of stereotype however, there are many fellow Jews which lend Jacob a hand regardless of his sometimes shameful position, what it does serve for however is to urge the reader to give thought to how and why they act in their faith. Is it for self-fulfillment? self-gain? Perhaps these factors are more descriptive of the clergyman rather than the Followers. Regardless of the cause or the reasoning Singer places forward the argument that perhaps this perversion of the established laws and commandments while supposedly done to liberate in reality bound one to ones own ineptitude.

Increasing Utilization Of Mental Health And Health Services

Criteria #3: Increasing Utilization of Mental Health and Health Services The availability of professional services to accommodate all aspects of a healthy child is important to establish in a Community School environment participating Community Schools is partnering with CBO’s partners and their health service team provide the necessary services for the school. Increase Mental Health/Health Services: In year 1: 60% of students and/or families will demonstrate an increase in utilization of mental health and health services. In year 2: 70% of students and/or families will demonstrate an increase in utilization of mental health and health services In order to evaluate the effectiveness of their services, we will implement a process [X/O] and post-treatment [X O] using a convenience sample. The methods associated with this component include a document review of positive indicators such as utilization tracking records from CBO health and mental health tracking first-time visits, repeat visits, the number of patients that are recommended for services compared to the number that take advantage of the services, and records of attendance sheets for preventive workshops. Maintaining confidentiality between the CBO partners and the families that benefit from their services will be of utmost importance during the evaluation period. Personal information will not be revealed, nor any other information that could, in any way, be considered a breach of confidentiality. TheShow MoreRelatedThe National Comorbidity Survey Replication Advocates1660 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The National Comorbidity Survey Replication advocates that many mental health issues emerge during childhood and adolescence with half of all lifetime mental illnesses starting by age 14 (Kessler et al., 2005). Therefore, children and adolescents experience high rates of mental health disorders. This is especially concerning because only a small number of these children receive treatment. The underutilization of services has significant implications considering that child psychopathology mayRead MoreThe And Early Termination Of Mental Health Services For Latinos1460 Words   |  6 Pagestermination of mental health services for Latinos in the U.S continues to be a concern for current research and practice in social work. A synthesis of current research demonstrates that there are several factors impacting access and utilization of mental health services for Latinos. According to U.S Department of Health and Human Services (2001), although Latinos are at increased vulnerability for developing mental illness, they continue to be half as likely in comparison to whites to access mental healthRead MoreYoung Nigerian Gay Men And MSM : A Qualitative Study1166 Words   |  5 Pagesaccessing and utilizing HIV/AIDS and STI services, the unmet needs in service delivery and the priority recommendations to scale up HIV/STI services. Through personal experiences and accounts from participants, this study provides an in-depth illustration on barriers and health gaps faced by gay men and MSM in homophobic settings. In identifying the barriers to HIV/STI service access and utilization, six themes emerged: 1) Breach of confidentiality by health care providers and the MSM community; 2)Read MoreThe Health Care Industry Has Made Tangible Impacts Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesManaged care is simply a system that delivers health care to a specific population purchased though health insurance plans. It is an approach to financing and delivering health care that seeks to control c osts and ensure or improve quality of care through a variety of methods, including provider network management, utilization management, and quality assurance. Patients agree to visit only certain doctors and hospitals, which a managing company monitors the cost of the treatment. Managed care hasRead MoreHsm 541 Week 6 You Decide Recommendations Memo655 Words   |  3 Pagesconcerned about the future. The new facility across town has continued to cut into Middlefields market share by admitting more patients. The number of admissions to Middlefield Hospital is declining each month, and more uninsured patients are seeking services at your facility. You convene the Middlefield Hospital management team and discover a few interesting facts, which are identified below. The payer mix of Middlefield Hospital is comprised of more and more Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured patientsRead MoreCommunity Based Mental Health Care844 Words   |  4 PagesMental health providers utilize many forms of research from the interventions that they use to provide care to their clients all the way to the assessment’s that they use to gauge the level of satisfaction of their clients with their services and how effective their services are in regards to their overall mental health wellness. Pennsylvania Mentor’s Lehigh Valley location provides Intensive Case Management (ICM) / Resource Coordination (RC) service, Family Based Mental Health Services and CertifiedRead MoreJamie Metcalfe. 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In 2005, The Committee to End Homelessness in King County (CEHKC) began its implementation of â€Å"A Roof Over Every Bed in King County: Our Community s Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness. This plan outlined strategies to end and prevent homelessness with a focus on increasing permanentRead MoreMental Illness And Substance Abuse Problems1563 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation who have mental illness or substanc e abuse problems. The first section of this literature review explores programs on help people with mental illness or substance abuse, the second section discusses finding health care for them and lastly, the third section reviews effective discharge planning. Effective Treatment Modalities: Programs Most of the research supports the use of programs to reduce recidivism among formerly incarcerated population with substance abuse and mental issues. This studyRead MoreMental Health And Health Care842 Words   |  4 PagesMental health providers utilizes many forms of research from the interventions that they use to provide care to their clients all the way to the assessment’s that they use to gauge the level of satisfaction of their clients with their services and how effective their services are in regards to their overall mental health wellness. Pennsylvania Mentor’s Lehigh Valley location provides Intensive Case Management (ICM) / Resource Coordination (RC) service, Family Based Mental Health Services and Certified

Police Brutality Racism - 1340 Words

Police brutality in America has been known to put fear in the lives of many Americans. Although police brutality is played out across all avenues of the media and many people see this happening, it yet does not change the fact that racism still exists in the justice system of America. People in positions of power yet have not done anything to rectify the situation and this has lead to the rise of â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement. Numerous opportunities have been presented to officials to speak up about this one huge problem in America, yet there is so much more that can be done to help better the racial tension between police and people of color. If the racial tension between law enforcement and people of color continues to grow in America†¦show more content†¦Only rarely do officers use excessive force, though they must often make instant decisions in tense situations. Crime has steadily declined over the last two decades as the result of assertive policing. Creat ing civilian review boards only adds to bureaucracy, invites political manipulation, and keeps police from doing their jobs. Those who agree that the appropriate force is used are oblivious to the fact that not all policemen use the right amount of force and could possibly be racist but this goes unrecognized. The death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri was due to excessive force and caused riots in the year of 2014 because many believe it was due to racism in the justice system. The justice system is also failing because it lets cops who kill these innocent men go and return to the force after suspension. Many say, â€Å"the deaths of black men like Brown at the hands of police are far too common†. Indeed, these deaths are common and body cameras will help eliminate these problems. If these these deaths of black men are common, why are body cameras for policemen a such big deal and why do many disagree with the use of body cameras†? This question in particular i s asked by many supporters who support the use of the body cam to opposers of the body cam. Opposers say: The presence of cameras willShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Police Brutality916 Words   |  4 Pages8:00-9:50 10 June 2015 Essay 1 Racism in the Legal System Racial profiling isn’t something new to today’s society. Most recently there were incidents in which the officers were accused of mistreating blacks such as Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. â€Å"Racism versus professionalism: claims and counter-claims about racial profiling† written by Vic Satzewich and William Shaffir discusses racism versus professionalism with officers. Their argument is more biased towards the police force and they argue thatRead MoreRacism And Police Brutality And Racism1820 Words   |  8 Pages In the world we live in today, racism and police brutality are raising concerns that society needs to be aware of. Beginning from the mid 1900s and on, racism was an ongoing problem that many individuals acted on from day to day. Whether it was mainly whites who hated blacks or vice versa, there never seemed as if a solution would ever come about. Based on this article about racism and police brutality, it talks a lot about how brutality following the Rodney King incident has change and is moreRead MorePolice Brutality And The Racism It Fosters Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Brutality and the Racism It Fosters A controversial topic for decades, one issue that has made a noticeable impact in modern day society, especially in the year of 2015, is that of police brutality. Stemming from deep-rooted and institutionalized racism within law enforcement and other surrounding fields, it has sparked a firestorm of opposition, with many American citizens up in arms over the target that’s been seemingly casted on the backs of the black community. Despite the various protocolsRead MoreRacism And Police Brutality Today By Cassandra Chaney And Ray V. Robertson1481 Words   |  6 PagesMy first scholarly article that I read was Racism and Police Brutality in America by Cassandra Chaney and Ray V. Robertson. The article begins by highlighting the beating of Rodney King in 1992. Police brutality has gone on for a long time, and with the help of technology it has finally been brought to the light. In 1992, four white police officers beat an African American man named Rodney King. The events were caught on camera and were aired that night by a local TV station in Los Angeles. In theRead MoreRacism And The South And Police Brutality1378 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is prejudice plus power (influence, status and authority). It exists in many different forms and in almost every facade of society; from subtle discrimination in everyday life and scandals in politics, to occurrences like lynching’s in the South and Police Brutality. Racism is complicated, systemic and institutional as described by researchers; (Jones, 1997): personal, which may be considered the same as prejudice (Allport, 1958); institutional, involving a set of environmental conditionsRead MoreRacism : The Main Causes Of Police Brutality709 Words   |  3 PagesPolice brutality has been an issue for many decades and still is a concern that people have. Officers shouldn’t even think about using that type of violence around people unless it is absolutely necessary. Police brutality has even come to a point of death. According to Encyclopedia.com, police brutality is â€Å"the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose†. In other words, police brutality is when an officer takes advantage of their power. Racism isRead MoreDr. Wolfe s Sociological Training910 Words   |  4 Pages1. In Dr. Wolfe’s statement on the recent events that have taken place in Baltimore he talks about police brutality, crime, racism, and inequality. Dr. Wolfe’s sociological training affects the way he looks at these events. In his statement he talks about how police brutality is not just happening among â€Å"a few bad apples† but instead how it is a systemic issue. He may be right but he also may be wrong. Dr. Wolfe is trained to study race, the criminal justice system and the relationship between bothRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality in the United States has escalated in recent times. To develop a peaceful environment amongst human beings, one of the main topics to look at is human rights. While more often than not, police brutality violates the concept of human rights it is still a very important task to discuss the topic and create possible solutions to such a concerning and threatening issues in the United States. In this case, statistics is a very important factor that is required to display how serious ofRead MorePolice Brutality1519 Words   |  7 Pagesfive centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults, beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentÐ ¢s role in initiating and prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress, 3). In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privilegesRead MorePolice Brutality And The End Of Injustice910 Words   |  4 Pagesthe hands of police officers who tend to careless on what’s the meaning of their position, and they seem to only care that their position makes them â€Å"unstoppa ble† which is why they do whatever they please. Unfortunately, those who face injustice right in the eye cannot speak for themselves since their life is taken away instantly or are being incarcerated because â€Å"justice† usually favors the incorrupt. Across the United States, over thirty citizens have been murdered and beaten by police (â€Å"30 Cases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )

Richard Layard Stated “Happiness Comes from Outside and...

Essay ECA Richard Layard stated â€Å"Happiness comes from outside and within â€Å". Explain this statement, drawing from evidence from chapters 3 and 5 of the course. What is happiness? – The Encarta Dictionary – describes happiness as â€Å"feeling or showing pleasure, contentment or joy â€Å". In speaking of â€Å"from outside† Layard is referring peoples social identities, roles, group membership and the culture they live in. Whilst, in speaking of â€Å"within† Layard is referring to the brain/ biology, peoples thinking and feelings. This essay will attempt to explain some of these influences on happiness and ask whether its nature (biology/genes) or nurture (culture, relationships, past experiences) which has the greatest effect on levels of†¦show more content†¦Julian Rotter (1966) Spears et al – describes this as the â€Å"locus of control†. He concludes that people with an internal â€Å"locus of control† are more likely to take positive action when they are unhappy as opposed to people with an external â€Å"locus of control† who are less likely to attempt any action as they believe that whatever they do there will be no change. In a study Ellen Langer Judy Rodin (1976) Spears et al – looked at this concept of â€Å"locus of control† in a residential home setting. They illustrated that control over quite small areas of peoples lives can lead to profound effects on mental alertness, health and happiness. One group was given control over decisions such as .. .room arrangement, meals and meal times – having a plant to care for.... on the face of it small decisions. Another group in the home had all these types of decisions made for them. The group with more control over their daily lives suffered lower mortality rates. The roles people play are both a source of happiness and unhappiness. People that feel needed and valued in their roles are more likely to feel happier than people

Essay on George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen...

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran. (Orwell 4 Nineteen). George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four presents a negative utopian picture, a society ruled by rigid totalitarianism. The government which Orwell creates in his novel is ruled by an entity known as Big Brother and consists of three branches. The Ministry of Truth, overseeing the distribution of propaganda and other printed materials, the Ministry of War, the millitary unit, and the Ministry of†¦show more content†¦If a person or organization in power finds a fact damaging or out of sync with his cause, he can simply change it by the manner in which it is reported. Orwell states, A certain degree of truthfulness was possible so long as it was admitted that a fact may be true even if you dont like it. (Revising 1). He is supporting his ideas with an obvious example familiar to most. World War II, Orwell points out, had two very distinct slants depending on whether you subscribe to the Nazi account or that of their enemies. Another telling example he spoke of was the b roadcasted outcome of the Spanish Civil War being decided by the winning powers preferences. Simply put, Orwell boldly claims that History is written by the winners, (Orwell, Revising 1). So Orwells own distrust is obvious in his creation of the Ministry of Truth. It is here where his main character, Winston, is employed forming propaganda and changing past facts to coincide with whatever lies Big Brother is feeding the general public. According to Woodcock, Orwell definitely based the Ministry of Truth and Winstons work on his experiences at the BBC (9). Winstons role in Big Brothers government was a projected charicteristic of Orwells political opinions. Furter exemplifying the attribution of Orwells characteristics through Winston Smith, is the manifestation of Orwells political views in Winstons own writings. Although OrwellShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1651 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly interested with this topic. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four perfectly fits my interest since it’s about governments and propagandas. As a result, I chose my research question to be: â€Å"How and why does the Party use propaganda? How does this compare to some of the modern propagandas used across the world during not only World War II but during current times as well?†. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian fiction novel written by George Orwell. The story takes place in an imaginary countryRead MoreCriticism on George Orwells 1984869 Words   |  4 Pagesdangerous to totalitarian control. The critical essay â€Å"George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984† by Ralph A. Ranald discusses the theme of controlled madness and of a reverse society in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ranald argues that Nineteen Eighty-Four is about â€Å"†¦religion reversed, law and government reversed, and above all, language reversed: not simply corrupted, but reversed† (Ranald 251). He refers to Winston as an â€Å"antihero† (Ranald 250), and â€Å"implies the abilityRead MoreEssay about 1984: Nineteen Eighty-four and People1649 Words   |  7 Pagessimply to maximize their own personal power. George Orwell had witnessed World War II, the fall of Hitler and Stalin’s dictatorships, and the fatal ou tcomes that have come from these governments. To warn future generations of the harsh effects of totalitarianism governments, he wrote the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. Published in 1946, Nineteen Eighty-Four describes life in a totalitarianism form of government, following the main character, Winston Smith, as he takes risks in discovering how he believesRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel, Brave New World By Aldous Huxley And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there is no mistaking the message. Authors such as George Orwell, Ray Bradbury, and Aldous Huxley extend characteristics of their societies to the breaking point in order to warn the public to avoid the possible self-destruction of humanity, as well as illustrating that sexuality is the main source of change. This genre study used the most renowned and recognized works of the dystopian genre: Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and Fahrenheit 451 byRead More1984: Governments Attempt to Control the Mind and Bodies of Its Citiz1253 Words   |  6 Pages1984: Governments Attempt to Control The Mind and Bodies of Its Citizens The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is an American classic which explores the human mind when it comes to power, corruption, control, and the ultimate utopian society. Orwell indirectly proposes that power given to the government will ultimately become corrupt and they will attempt to force all to conform to their one set standard. He also sets forth the idea that the corrupted government will attempt toRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesMr.Booth Period 6 English 12/3/14 Author Study of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that are applicableRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review for Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell Jason Lee December 12, 2015 SECTION A Date published June 8, 1949 City where published London, England Publisher Secker Warburg Number of pages 267 SECTION B Summary of your book (key details only...address the beginning, middle, and end of the book) Nineteen Eighty-Four takes place in the fictional nationRead MoreNineteen Eighty-Four1326 Words   |  6 PagesNineteen Eighty-Four â€Å"Government, is not reason; it is not eloquent; it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master.†, this famous quote was stated by George Washington. The thesis of Nineteen Eighty-Four is how giving government too much control destroys freedom. The quote from George Washington explains exactly what the Party is, in the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nineteen Eighty-Four is written by George Orwell which was one of Eric Arthur Blair’s two pen names, theRead More Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes Of George Orwell Essay2475 Words   |  10 Pages Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes of George Orwell Throughout history, writers have written about many different subjects based on their personal experiences. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair. He is one of the most famous political satirists of the twentieth century. He was born in Bengal, India in 1903 to an English Civil Servant and died in 1950. He attended Eton from 1917 to 1921, and served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 before moving to EuropeRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four 1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nineteen Eighty Four, George Orwell locates his novel in a politically dystopian society. A dystopia is a â€Å"bad place†, being translated from the Greek words dis topos. This term was created to be seen as the opposite of a Utopia after the novel Utopia was written by Thomas More. Dystopian novels are written to daunt the reader of how future societies will turn out. The term has become more common in today s society and is translated into, a dark or unpleasant future. Nineteen Eighty Four shows

Building Types through Time Free Essays

string(117) " revolution influenced the normal life style of almost every individual, who became a part of the new machine world\." Since the evolution of mankind, he has been in the struggle of creating and molding the world and its raw resources according to his dire needs and comfort. When Adam and Eve were sent down to an absolute barren world they had all the resources unrestricted, and in an unlimited amount, but what they didn’t have then was knowledge of exploiting them or even the crave of attaining comfort of unimaginable means. They lived in small stone caves, supported with branches of trees and nature, sheltering themselves just like their peer animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Types through Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Man since the very beginning has been the same animal, however the way his surroundings changed and his abilities evolved, he gained the potential of achieving the maximum efficiency and production from his living designs and that is the concept of derived modernism in man’s life today. What identifies man from other animals of his race is his ability to think, to create and then design it according to his own needs. And his ability to find and form a shelter for him self and his family, has been his habit since prehistoric times; while the economy and technology have been changing throughout his life, so have been the forms of his construction and way of living. The word architecture can be taken in a very broad manner; from the residential houses, bungalows, flats and apartments, to commercial plazas, offices, shops and industrial structures. While over the time, with the malting of candle of time the architectural form which has witnessed the greatest change due to societal, demographical, economical, political and technological changes is that of residential buildings and its architecture. Stone Age Constructions Taking a look back into the history of mankind, we see that during the Stone Age’s man started off his life in animal like caves, and under canopies of trees, which could provide them shelter from the changing seasons and protection from the wild animals around. He did not possess the knowledge or the tools to formulate anything more comfortable for himself and did not even have the potential of doing so. The human living status however soon shifted to tents and huts, to meet greater needs of self sufficiency. With the growth of man’s needs and the population size, with the formation of ruling bodies, came the establishment of urban centers. This change in establishment was brought forth by simple use of wood and metal in construction techniques; along with the use of nails, levers and pulleys. Medieval Construction With the 1500 century, residential architecture found a new era of development and progress with the rising of cathedrals, castles, and fortifications; the biggest man made structures even to this time, with their grandeur and magnificent craftsmanship. These huge structures were mainly built for the war purposes, in case of an attack from the enemies, these residences were also used as battlefields. Large forts were built in which entire cities lived so that if any threat to sovereignty occurred the mighty gates were closed, securing the entire population guarded by huge strong walls which surrounded them around. Theses powerful structures, had crosses erected across the glass windows, which represented ready made aims for crossbows, while strong arches and pillars were hiding places for the archers during war times. Thus the residences of the medieval times basically facilitated the warriors and served a stronger protection purpose from the enemies. However, as the world moved towards a greater peaceful living, one of the greatest elements of change that was brought during this period was the discovery of bricks, which greatly eased the production techniques making it less time consuming and gave a greater liberty to the designers. Thus houses shifted from less of being battle fields and more towards homely structures. Renaissance architecture As the world was shifting from living lives less of that of warriors, and had the aesthetic sense slowly inhabiting their culture and tradition, the social lives of the people were on the verge of seeing a major change. Art was slowly becoming a modern part of their lives, which first started the sense of creating the elite and sophisticated class of aristocrats who greatly indulged in the exhibition of this abstract sense. This cultural rebirth was brought by the philosophical and scientific works which were gaining great popularity. The architecture of this period thus presented the aim of joining spaces to human lives, by which the theories of geometry were relate to light and how it varied with different materials, bringing the idea of ‘perspective viewing’ for the first time. Thus first architectural plans came into being, where designs were laid out first before they were rectified, and the idea plunged from France, to Italy, England and took over the rest of the world. Thus the new perspectives were further refined by the coming of the Baroque Architecture in the 17th Century, which redefined Renaissance with the agility of sculptures and theatrical fashion clean sweeping the olden ideas established by the staunch Church laws, which represented the religious shift of people from pure Catholicism to Protestants. It thus gained is freedom through fortifying grand palaces in Paris, London and then the rest of the world, the period giving birth to the world’s greatest architects such as Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno. Industrial Revolution and the rise of Modern Techniques The Industrial Revolution, a period which elongated from the late 18th to the early 19th Century, was an era which brought major structural changes in agriculture, manufacturing and transportation; greatly influencing the socioeconomic and cultural status of people in the North America and Britain, which later slowly took over the entire world. This was an era, in which machinery was gradually taking over manual and animal drift labor, whereby impossible acts seemed to be coming to reality, with massive production, less time consumption, greater efficiency, lower costs as well as magnified distribution facilities. This revolution influenced the normal life style of almost every individual, who became a part of the new machine world. You read "Building Types through Time" in category "Papers" The turning point was brought by the easier transportation techniques, reinforced with the development of steam engines, giving life to trains, canals and road; and also the usage of metal and steel at higher levels for stronger and machinery. This metal was being used for the development of I-Beams and reinforced concrete; glass panels were being excessively installed, with more intricate wooden work now being made possible with precise machinery, able to work on minute details. Also with the launch of plumbing techniques, access to drinking water became easier, and thus houses could now even be built further away from a water source. However the Industrial Revolution, also gave rise to the new riches and poor who had been forced out of the income stream. It divided the community into two halves, the capitalist’s class who were the rich factory owners and industrialists living in enormous castles and gardens to meddle in, while the poor labor class hardly survived in small houses clustered in abundance across a street, which shared sanitation facilities. Epidemics of disease plagued these claustrophobic areas, where there were almost no plumbing facilities, no food supplies and large families living in houses of one or two rooms, with no government rules to intervene with the inhumane conditions. Victorian Architecture The Victorian era, which predominantly attained its name; through the rule of Queen Victoria (from 1837 to 1901); is most importantly remembered for the grace and elegance that it brought in the architectural sense of that time period. The newly established Industrial Revolution, which had made machine made products now cheaper and easier to use by the majority of the people, saw the development of complex houses, different from their regular box like forms. The architects ad constructors found themselves exploding with ideas and notions which were diverse and freed themselves from the traditional forms, and allowed them to play with bolder colors, elaborate and prudent exterior fixtures. With the growth of trade, and growing influx of people to and forth different parts of the world; brought in more creative ideas. The most famous of the Victorian houses were the Gothic styles, or commonly known as the gingerbread homes; due to their strong color and intricate structures, derived their inspiration from Western Europe. As the era became more engrossed in maintaining grander, the Italianate style came in formation with huge arches and pediments influenced from the Roman Architecture were camouflaged into everyday houses, with porches elaborated with a centered square. As urbanized architecture was on the rise, mass and cheaper productions of materials were required, which it initiated the development of wooden shingles rather than the thick wooden use; thus for the first time the working class could erect their own homes, giving birth to the English traditional cottage style and American homestead, popularly known today as the Folk Victorian architecture. While the richer class dwelled in more expensive sort of ‘Queen Anne homes,’ with unequal floor plans, numerous arched windows, grand porches, elaborate, fancy gardens all fountain set and decorative windows and doors. While the American architecture of mansions consisted of large stone buildings, topped with giant chimneys, large windows and decorated with massive sculptures around the house. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution provided the cheap availability of brass and steel hardware utilized throughout these houses. History states that every great revolution or civilization meets it end in catastrophe, and so did the Victorian Era, whose closure was marked by the First World War in 1914. Whereas on the other hand, modernization and rise in incomes which was brought by the Industrial revolution, was further engulfed by the Great Depression, which plagued the economic status of the people. This span of downtrodden economies spun from 1929, and ended in the late 1930s to 1940. Modern Architectural Designs The end of the Second World War, brought with it an era of International living, with ever increased communication levels around the global, emerging creativity, sophisticated tools and designs which were impossible before now were standing in the broad daylight exhibiting the evolution of man’s mind to greatness. With the emergence of developing countries, new and intricate ideas were on the rise. Where structures stood on abstract lines, giving the architects a wide field to play with geometrical figures and culminate them into an extraordinary structure, each standing a loaf from the other in every aspect. In the 1930’s came the idea of Art Deco, which exploited the use of various other materials such as nickel, chrome, stainless steel and aluminum. These substances proved to be more efficient and cheaper to use. However, to accommodate the war trodden refugees houses which were more simple and quicker to produce were introduced, making elaborate use of glass, flat roofs and simple interior. While most of these houses were duplicates of each other lacking individuality, but enough to meet up with daily needs; whereas an attached garage was a new feature. The second Industrial Revolution, in the early 20th century, with the aid of computer generation, and even efficient poor tools and machinery, led to the establishment of elevators and escalators, to approach the high rise buildings, later turning into skyscrapers, and it attained its maximum with the building of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York in 1977, which however faced its tragedy in 2001 due to the rising political calamity through the world. The modern architecture is a blend of boldness, affordability, abstract designs and comfort; which all look towards the gleaming future of innovation. However, an aspect which cannot be avoided in these residences is their connection still staying strong with the traditional lines and patterns of their ancestors, which gives it a stronger and more sustainable area of growth, developing its roots for a longer time of existence. Nevertheless, the social status of the modern homes is evolving towards smaller families usually comprising of four members, thus such families also prefer living in a relatively smaller house, which is cost effective and could be easily be maintained by the mediocre earning of both the parents. Today with the growing urbanization and over utilization of resources, most of the residential architecture of the modern times is moving towards energy conservation and more of a sustainable development, which is easy to maintain and is less heavy upon the incomes of individuals. The residences of the future will be less of consumer friendly but more catering towards the needs of the environment. Throughout the world resources have been exploited to their maximum, with the increasing green houses effect, global warming, curtailing energy resources, and growing population levels there is a need of the creation of â€Å"Green Building,† which focuses upon conservation of energy, materials and water, which would have least externalities upon human health and the environment. Thus architecture is a living source, which evolves with time, perspective and society, taking over the shape and style which best meets its needs of the present as well for the generations to follow. References Dixon, Roger and Muthesius, Stephan. (1978) Victorian architecture. Thames Hudson. ISBN 0-500-18163-2 Ching,F. , Jarzombek, M. , Prakash, V. (2006). A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Hopkins, R. (2002). A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http://transitionculture. org/essential-info/articles/a-natural-way-of-building-2002/ Pater, P. (1976). Renaissance Rome. University of California Press The Architectural Timeline: Victorian. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http://houseofantiquehardware. com/site/timeline/tl_victorian. html Theisson, A. The Evolution of American Residential Architecture. Retrieved on April 24, 2009 from http://www. helium. com/items/1366726-american-residential-architecture? page=2 How to cite Building Types through Time, Papers

Building Types through Time Free Essays

string(117) " revolution influenced the normal life style of almost every individual, who became a part of the new machine world\." Since the evolution of mankind, he has been in the struggle of creating and molding the world and its raw resources according to his dire needs and comfort. When Adam and Eve were sent down to an absolute barren world they had all the resources unrestricted, and in an unlimited amount, but what they didn’t have then was knowledge of exploiting them or even the crave of attaining comfort of unimaginable means. They lived in small stone caves, supported with branches of trees and nature, sheltering themselves just like their peer animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Types through Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Man since the very beginning has been the same animal, however the way his surroundings changed and his abilities evolved, he gained the potential of achieving the maximum efficiency and production from his living designs and that is the concept of derived modernism in man’s life today. What identifies man from other animals of his race is his ability to think, to create and then design it according to his own needs. And his ability to find and form a shelter for him self and his family, has been his habit since prehistoric times; while the economy and technology have been changing throughout his life, so have been the forms of his construction and way of living. The word architecture can be taken in a very broad manner; from the residential houses, bungalows, flats and apartments, to commercial plazas, offices, shops and industrial structures. While over the time, with the malting of candle of time the architectural form which has witnessed the greatest change due to societal, demographical, economical, political and technological changes is that of residential buildings and its architecture. Stone Age Constructions Taking a look back into the history of mankind, we see that during the Stone Age’s man started off his life in animal like caves, and under canopies of trees, which could provide them shelter from the changing seasons and protection from the wild animals around. He did not possess the knowledge or the tools to formulate anything more comfortable for himself and did not even have the potential of doing so. The human living status however soon shifted to tents and huts, to meet greater needs of self sufficiency. With the growth of man’s needs and the population size, with the formation of ruling bodies, came the establishment of urban centers. This change in establishment was brought forth by simple use of wood and metal in construction techniques; along with the use of nails, levers and pulleys. Medieval Construction With the 1500 century, residential architecture found a new era of development and progress with the rising of cathedrals, castles, and fortifications; the biggest man made structures even to this time, with their grandeur and magnificent craftsmanship. These huge structures were mainly built for the war purposes, in case of an attack from the enemies, these residences were also used as battlefields. Large forts were built in which entire cities lived so that if any threat to sovereignty occurred the mighty gates were closed, securing the entire population guarded by huge strong walls which surrounded them around. Theses powerful structures, had crosses erected across the glass windows, which represented ready made aims for crossbows, while strong arches and pillars were hiding places for the archers during war times. Thus the residences of the medieval times basically facilitated the warriors and served a stronger protection purpose from the enemies. However, as the world moved towards a greater peaceful living, one of the greatest elements of change that was brought during this period was the discovery of bricks, which greatly eased the production techniques making it less time consuming and gave a greater liberty to the designers. Thus houses shifted from less of being battle fields and more towards homely structures. Renaissance architecture As the world was shifting from living lives less of that of warriors, and had the aesthetic sense slowly inhabiting their culture and tradition, the social lives of the people were on the verge of seeing a major change. Art was slowly becoming a modern part of their lives, which first started the sense of creating the elite and sophisticated class of aristocrats who greatly indulged in the exhibition of this abstract sense. This cultural rebirth was brought by the philosophical and scientific works which were gaining great popularity. The architecture of this period thus presented the aim of joining spaces to human lives, by which the theories of geometry were relate to light and how it varied with different materials, bringing the idea of ‘perspective viewing’ for the first time. Thus first architectural plans came into being, where designs were laid out first before they were rectified, and the idea plunged from France, to Italy, England and took over the rest of the world. Thus the new perspectives were further refined by the coming of the Baroque Architecture in the 17th Century, which redefined Renaissance with the agility of sculptures and theatrical fashion clean sweeping the olden ideas established by the staunch Church laws, which represented the religious shift of people from pure Catholicism to Protestants. It thus gained is freedom through fortifying grand palaces in Paris, London and then the rest of the world, the period giving birth to the world’s greatest architects such as Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno. Industrial Revolution and the rise of Modern Techniques The Industrial Revolution, a period which elongated from the late 18th to the early 19th Century, was an era which brought major structural changes in agriculture, manufacturing and transportation; greatly influencing the socioeconomic and cultural status of people in the North America and Britain, which later slowly took over the entire world. This was an era, in which machinery was gradually taking over manual and animal drift labor, whereby impossible acts seemed to be coming to reality, with massive production, less time consumption, greater efficiency, lower costs as well as magnified distribution facilities. This revolution influenced the normal life style of almost every individual, who became a part of the new machine world. You read "Building Types through Time" in category "Papers" The turning point was brought by the easier transportation techniques, reinforced with the development of steam engines, giving life to trains, canals and road; and also the usage of metal and steel at higher levels for stronger and machinery. This metal was being used for the development of I-Beams and reinforced concrete; glass panels were being excessively installed, with more intricate wooden work now being made possible with precise machinery, able to work on minute details. Also with the launch of plumbing techniques, access to drinking water became easier, and thus houses could now even be built further away from a water source. However the Industrial Revolution, also gave rise to the new riches and poor who had been forced out of the income stream. It divided the community into two halves, the capitalist’s class who were the rich factory owners and industrialists living in enormous castles and gardens to meddle in, while the poor labor class hardly survived in small houses clustered in abundance across a street, which shared sanitation facilities. Epidemics of disease plagued these claustrophobic areas, where there were almost no plumbing facilities, no food supplies and large families living in houses of one or two rooms, with no government rules to intervene with the inhumane conditions. Victorian Architecture The Victorian era, which predominantly attained its name; through the rule of Queen Victoria (from 1837 to 1901); is most importantly remembered for the grace and elegance that it brought in the architectural sense of that time period. The newly established Industrial Revolution, which had made machine made products now cheaper and easier to use by the majority of the people, saw the development of complex houses, different from their regular box like forms. The architects ad constructors found themselves exploding with ideas and notions which were diverse and freed themselves from the traditional forms, and allowed them to play with bolder colors, elaborate and prudent exterior fixtures. With the growth of trade, and growing influx of people to and forth different parts of the world; brought in more creative ideas. The most famous of the Victorian houses were the Gothic styles, or commonly known as the gingerbread homes; due to their strong color and intricate structures, derived their inspiration from Western Europe. As the era became more engrossed in maintaining grander, the Italianate style came in formation with huge arches and pediments influenced from the Roman Architecture were camouflaged into everyday houses, with porches elaborated with a centered square. As urbanized architecture was on the rise, mass and cheaper productions of materials were required, which it initiated the development of wooden shingles rather than the thick wooden use; thus for the first time the working class could erect their own homes, giving birth to the English traditional cottage style and American homestead, popularly known today as the Folk Victorian architecture. While the richer class dwelled in more expensive sort of ‘Queen Anne homes,’ with unequal floor plans, numerous arched windows, grand porches, elaborate, fancy gardens all fountain set and decorative windows and doors. While the American architecture of mansions consisted of large stone buildings, topped with giant chimneys, large windows and decorated with massive sculptures around the house. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution provided the cheap availability of brass and steel hardware utilized throughout these houses. History states that every great revolution or civilization meets it end in catastrophe, and so did the Victorian Era, whose closure was marked by the First World War in 1914. Whereas on the other hand, modernization and rise in incomes which was brought by the Industrial revolution, was further engulfed by the Great Depression, which plagued the economic status of the people. This span of downtrodden economies spun from 1929, and ended in the late 1930s to 1940. Modern Architectural Designs The end of the Second World War, brought with it an era of International living, with ever increased communication levels around the global, emerging creativity, sophisticated tools and designs which were impossible before now were standing in the broad daylight exhibiting the evolution of man’s mind to greatness. With the emergence of developing countries, new and intricate ideas were on the rise. Where structures stood on abstract lines, giving the architects a wide field to play with geometrical figures and culminate them into an extraordinary structure, each standing a loaf from the other in every aspect. In the 1930’s came the idea of Art Deco, which exploited the use of various other materials such as nickel, chrome, stainless steel and aluminum. These substances proved to be more efficient and cheaper to use. However, to accommodate the war trodden refugees houses which were more simple and quicker to produce were introduced, making elaborate use of glass, flat roofs and simple interior. While most of these houses were duplicates of each other lacking individuality, but enough to meet up with daily needs; whereas an attached garage was a new feature. The second Industrial Revolution, in the early 20th century, with the aid of computer generation, and even efficient poor tools and machinery, led to the establishment of elevators and escalators, to approach the high rise buildings, later turning into skyscrapers, and it attained its maximum with the building of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York in 1977, which however faced its tragedy in 2001 due to the rising political calamity through the world. The modern architecture is a blend of boldness, affordability, abstract designs and comfort; which all look towards the gleaming future of innovation. However, an aspect which cannot be avoided in these residences is their connection still staying strong with the traditional lines and patterns of their ancestors, which gives it a stronger and more sustainable area of growth, developing its roots for a longer time of existence. Nevertheless, the social status of the modern homes is evolving towards smaller families usually comprising of four members, thus such families also prefer living in a relatively smaller house, which is cost effective and could be easily be maintained by the mediocre earning of both the parents. Today with the growing urbanization and over utilization of resources, most of the residential architecture of the modern times is moving towards energy conservation and more of a sustainable development, which is easy to maintain and is less heavy upon the incomes of individuals. The residences of the future will be less of consumer friendly but more catering towards the needs of the environment. Throughout the world resources have been exploited to their maximum, with the increasing green houses effect, global warming, curtailing energy resources, and growing population levels there is a need of the creation of â€Å"Green Building,† which focuses upon conservation of energy, materials and water, which would have least externalities upon human health and the environment. Thus architecture is a living source, which evolves with time, perspective and society, taking over the shape and style which best meets its needs of the present as well for the generations to follow. References Dixon, Roger and Muthesius, Stephan. (1978) Victorian architecture. Thames Hudson. ISBN 0-500-18163-2 Ching,F. , Jarzombek, M. , Prakash, V. (2006). A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Hopkins, R. (2002). A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http://transitionculture. org/essential-info/articles/a-natural-way-of-building-2002/ Pater, P. (1976). Renaissance Rome. University of California Press The Architectural Timeline: Victorian. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http://houseofantiquehardware. com/site/timeline/tl_victorian. html Theisson, A. The Evolution of American Residential Architecture. Retrieved on April 24, 2009 from http://www. helium. com/items/1366726-american-residential-architecture? page=2 How to cite Building Types through Time, Papers